Definition of Marketing Research

The first thing that an organization must concentrate upon when going into operations is to analyze the current situation of the environment that it is a part of. The organization must know of the current happenings in the environment and the kind of competitors that it is directly affected by and indirectly affected by as well. All these factors must be analyzed clearly and thoroughly so that the organization can decide its strategies and run them effectively. In order to do so, the organization must use marketing research as its tool because it is known to be extremely useful and it never provides false results. Through research, the organization can know what the competitors are planning to do and what their line of action is. Marketing research can be defined as â€Å"Market research is broader in scope and examines all aspects of a business environment. It asks questions about competitors, market structure, government regulations, economic trends, technological advances, and numerous other factors that make up the business environment.† (Wikipedia, 2006) Techniques used for Marketing Research Any organization can use marketing research as one of its strongest tools for being competent in a market. It is known to be the research and development area that has allowed the organization to grow and become stronger in the competitive environment. The organization must concentrate on this aspect to grow in any environment. There are several techniques that can be used for marketing research and will be explained below. The broader categorization of marketing research is out into four topics as: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualitative Research 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quantitative Research 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observational Research 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Experimental Research (Wikipedia, 2006) The techniques within these topics are surveys, focus groups, observations, personal interviews and field trials. Surveys can be defined as have a list of questions pertaining to the topic of the research and then having the target market, selected for the research, to fill out and answer these questions. The survey allows the organization to have an easy statistical overview of the data representing the market so that the organization can understand what features of the product must be concentrated upon to optimize. There are various different kinds of surveys such as telephone surveys, mail surveys and even in person surveys which means that an individual is asked these questions so that the organization can understand the individual’s requirements and satisfaction from the product or service that the organization is willing to offer. Focus groups are conducted with a group of participants chosen from the target market of the research to understand what emotions and important points can be derived from the discussion of these participants with one another. The organization can also use personal interviews where the same problems could be discussed face to face rather than having a group of people. In this way, only the idea and the perception of that individual can be understood. The observational techniques depend upon the non verbal communication of the target market. There could be people from the organization who could be sitting at certain areas where the competitor’s products are sold and then could observe as to how the people look into the products and what their requirements are or specifications of the product. There could be the possibility that a customer may need a certain color that was demanded by many other customers and many other features. The organization must also look into the field trials which is really the experimental portion of the research. The organization would first collect all the data from the internet and other sources and then analyze the data in order to understand how the product is to be changed in order that the customers needs from the research results can be reached. Once the product is created, it must first be tested in an environment to see whether the product has any flaws in them or not. The organization can then make required changes in the product and then eventually launch their product in the market. This is the entire process of research that is usually followed by many organizations. However, there is a greater participation of internet in this process because of the availability of data at all times. Internet and Its Usefulness in Marketing Research Internet is known to be a very strong tool for research because internet holds all the information that can be available for an individual. The internet can provide laws and regulations imposed by governments on different sectors of a country or the research results of various other companies and individuals who also tried to understand the market. All this information can be sued by an individual or company as secondary data as well as a support for their primary research. A company known as Engro Chemicals Pakistan Limited has grown to be a multinational and is continuing to grow globally. The main aim of this company was to allow the farmers to have higher yield with better products to embed in the soil. Looking at the environmental aspect of agriculture and using the laws and regulations of the government imposed upon agriculture, Engro came up with new technologies along with products to help the farmers grow. The company went through a number of websites and internet sources to understand the requirements of farmers all over the world and got hold of secondary data to understand the gaps within the agricultural sector globally. The company sort out the products that it can produce and then customized them for its market. This provided the company with a competitive edge over all other locally based companies that are still struggling to gain the market. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All Business. (2006). Market Research Techniques. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Asia Market Research. (2002). Research Techniques. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 from: http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/news/cat_research_techniques.htm 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engro Chemicals Pakistan Limited. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 from: www.engro.com 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Infospan, Inc. Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wikipedia. (2006). Marketing Research. Retrieved on November 19, 2006 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research      

Health Care Delivery System

The Health Care Delivery System: A Blueprint to Reform Meredith King Ledford Jeanne M. Lambrew David J. Rothman John D. Podesta Abstract This paper explores a published book of concern with the American health care systems and top three health care issues. It shows an overview and recommendations of our health care delivery systems and an overall blueprint for reform. Ledford and Lambrew offer recommendations to promote quality, efficiency, patient-centeredness, and other salient characteristics of a high performing health system.The blueprint is a vision of how different parts of the system should be structured and how they should function ( (Meredith King Ledford, Jeanne M. Lambrew, David J. Rothman, & John D. Podesta, 2008) The Health Care Delivery System: A Blueprint to Reform Medicare is one of a governments program that shows one of America’s biggest issues. An estimated 2. 3 trillion was spent on health care in the United States in 2007, and the cost of health care cont inues to grow at an astromical rate. (Ranawat) Growing concern about the rate of health care spending has forced policymakers to evaluate new cost control solutions.Increasing spending on Medicare has focused policymakers’ efforts to help control expenditures but it doesn’t help the underlying fundamental flaws. Decreasing reimbursements will likely prompt many physicians to reconsider their participation in the Medicare program (Ranawat). (Meredith King Ledford, Jeanne M. Lambrew, David J. Rothman, & John D. Podesta, 2008) Included some insights on provider payment incentives, one incentive would be to revamp the process for updating the relative value scale used in Medicare’s physician fee schedule so that the relative values more accurately reflect relative costs.Medicaid is a federal and state program that is funded by taxpayers’ income tax payments to the government’s general revenue. Medicaid is one of the largest items in the federal budget, and its cost is growing at a rapid and unsustainable rate. The federal costs of expansion in Medicaid will be about 100 billion annually by 2020. (Edwards, 2010) Federal debt is spiraling out of control, and federal health programs are one of the main reasons why. The cost of Medicaid has grown explosively.Researchers have shown that spending jumped from $118 billion in 2000 to $275 billion by 2010 (Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal year 2011 Washington Printing Office 2010. The Health Care Delivery System: A Blueprint to Reform Conclusion and Future Study In order to gain a complete understanding of the government payment programs and different issues we face in the United States, it would be necessary to conduct a study that examines all aspects of Medicare and Medicaid. This would include The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) www. ms. hhs. gov, U. S. Census Bureau or The Official U. S. Government Web Site for people with Medicare (www. medicare. gov). Reference s Works Cited Edwards, C. (2010). Medicaid Reforms. Meredith King Ledford, M. , Jeanne M. Lambrew, P. , David J. Rothman, P. , & John D. Podesta, J. (2008). Government Payment Programs and Issues. In M. K. Ledford, & J. M. Lambrew, The Health Care Delivery System: A Blueprint for Reform (pp. 1-128). Center For American Progress. Ranawat, A. (n. d. ). Medicare. Issues of America.

Forensic Psychology and Jury Selection Essay

Modern criminal trial practice demands that the law as an academic discipline cannot exist in a vacuum; quite the contrary, the law must be viewed as an overriding set of principles which must be viewed in conjunction with other academic disciplines (Carson & Bull, 2003). This is particularly true in the case of jury selection in criminal trials where the law has been combined with forensic psychology. This essay will discuss the policy underlying the incorporation of forensic psychology into formal criminal proceedings, the precise role of the forensic psychologist in jury selection, and what types of juror risk factors are of particular interests to prosecutors and defense attorneys. Forensic Psychology and the Law If the purpose of the legal process is the discovery of truth, and the guarantee of justice, then it is essential that legal procedures facilitate these objectives. Jury selection, the research has demonstrated, has contributed to many miscarriages of justice in criminal cases; indeed, one scholar has pointed out that In the incidence of capital cases, the U. S. Supreme Court has recognized what research has long shown: Jurors often make sentencing decisions prematurely, and they often base their decisions on their personal reactions to the defendant, their confusion about the rules of law, and their lack of understanding regarding their own role and responsibilities (Schroeder, Guin, Pogue & Bordelan, 2006). As a result of this well-known data, efforts have been made to provide for better jury selection procedures. This has involved a multidisciplinary approach in which lawyers, both prosecutors and defense attorneys, have retained the services of forensic psychologists in order to make better decisions during voir dire. On the one hand, it is hoped as a matter of sound public policy that intelligent jurors will be selected and that truth and justice will prevail. One the other hand, the potential for abuse of the criminal justice system exists because prosecutors and defense attorneys may use the juror profiles prepared by the forensic psychologists in order to win their case rather than to ensure a neutral type of justice. Forensic Psychology and Jury Selection Generally speaking, a forensic psychologist is enlisted in criminal trials in order to make psychological assessments about individuals and a certain set of facts underlying a particular type of criminal case. Jan Mills Saeth, a jury consultant who works with forensic psychologists in order to conduct voir dire on behalf of clients in criminal cases, has stated that â€Å"Jury selection includes helping the trial team eliminate risky jurors, and I help develop a juror profile, voir dire questions, and jury questionnaires. (â€Å"Behavioral Profiling: A Panel of Experts,† 2007). Generally speaking, therefore, the fundamental purpose of the forensic psychologist is to identify potentially risky jurors. What constitutes a risk depends on who the forensic psychologist is representing and whether the nature of the particular criminal allegations. Risk refers to some factor or set of factors which might predispose a potential juror to making certain types of assumptions, to harboring certain types of bias, or to in some way being psychologically disinclined to vote in favor of the forensic psychologist’s client. There are numerous tools employed by forensic psychologists in order to assess a juror’s risk factors during the jury selection process. These tools may include written questions, oral questions posed by an attorney after consultation with the forensic psychologist, and other non-verbal clues. The totality of this information is collected and the forensic psychologist then constructs a series of juror profiles which the attorney can then review in order to decide which jurors to retain and which jurors to challenge or dismiss. One of the difficulties is the fact that, in criminal trials, prosecutors and defense attorneys are zealous adversaries. They are thus required to seek to present their case in the light most favorable to their respective clients; to this end, as is relevant to this paper, the prosecutors and the defense attorneys are interested in jurors whom will be the most receptive to their particular version of the facts, whom are most likely to be swayed by certain facts and witnesses, and whom are most likely to rule in their favor (Tsushima & Anderson, 1996). A prosecutor will seek jurors that possess some psychological tendency to agree with the case in general, to sympathize with law enforcement or a particular type of victim, or some other type of bias that supports their case. Psychological traits favored by many prosecutors include a trust or confidence in authority figures, a generalized conception that the American criminal justice system is fair and reasonable, and a psychological tendency to agree with majority opinions. A defense attorney will be concerned with similar issues; however, the defense will also want to choose jurors whom possess a different set of psychological traits. More specifically, a defense attorney will seek individuals that distrust rather than trust authority figures, that question more than acquiesce to majority opinions, and that demonstrate strong feelings of sympathy or empathy. Conclusion In the final analysis, while forensic psychology can be enormously useful in predicting juror behavior, it can also be misused if prosecutors and defense attorneys do not place professional ethics above the winning of criminal cases. The goal of jury selection ought to be the selection of a jury which will weigh evidence objectively and critically without falling back on extraneous information in order to render a verdict. Forensic psychologists can contribute meaningfully to the criminal justice system, but it is necessary to make sure that their psychological insights are not used by unscrupulous prosecutors and defense lawyers to pervert truth and justice.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 112

Summary - Essay Example He believed in Jesus Christ of Nazareth but yet criticized the message of the apostles (PBS). Many people saw Jefferson as not being a Christian because he could not agree with them. In his opinion Christianity had been tarnished by kings who formed the base of Christianity. He was a Christian, only that his views and beliefs were different from the rest. The immigration Act was a measure to restrict the number of aliens entering the United States. The immigration Act only allowed three percent of the total population of a foreign nation to enter the US; they later changed it to 2 percent. This Act was later altered and only allowed immigrants whose families were of American origin. For example, visas were available for immigrants from Britain and Western Europe and not for those from Northern and Southern Europe or Asian countries. This was clear racism, since they only wanted Americans or those with American blood to settle in the US. The legislature termed a group of immigrants as non-quota who could enter the states freely. These were scholars, wives and children of US citizens and students below 15 years of age. Anybody who could not read and write was not given a visa. Congress wanted to increase labor availability in their industries but did not want people from any other race to enter America. The U.S entered into an agreement with South Vietnam to conquer the whole of Vietnam. When the war began it seemed as the best approach the U.S government had taken. But when young soldiers aged between 18 and 19 went to war and did not come back protests began. These protests were mostly ignited by students of Wisconsin University since most of these soldiers were from the Wisconsin area. Protests for the war to end escalated as students resorted to more violent measures, disrupting recruitment exercises leading to violent actions from the police. While the government was trying to ease the tension at home, they lost their Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18 Summary - Essay Example The author has deliberated at length on various aspects of Balanced Scorecard Model, initially presented by Kaplan and Norton (1996) and implementation in GTE Corporation in a varied form as HR Scorecard. The author has presented sufficient credentials to support his argument in favor of HR Scorecard. A sufficient theoretical support in the form of various charts, graphs and diagrams strengthens the author’s stance on HR Scorecard. However, there are not sufficient traces of extended research. The author explored various aspects of HR Scorecard implementation in GTE Corporation but results thus formulated are not comprehensively backed by research on the implementation of Balanced Scorecard Model in other organizational setups. The article has presented facts and figures in a logically manner to support the authors viewpoint. The article is centered on the importance and implementation of Balanced Scorecard Model. The methodical approach and logical development of the article creates a good constructive argument in the favor of the model which was the primary objective of the author. The author has thus succeeded in presenting his case in a convincing

Should managers and management students study the history of Essay

Should managers and management students study the history of management from a critical perspective - Essay Example The study of the history of management is the basis upon which the entire profession set, and to deny students the opportunity to study it would also mean that the erosion of the profession has begun. Therefore, students and future managers have to study the history of management from a critical perspective because this is the only way that they can learn how to do better in their jobs. Furthermore, it is also important for a critical study of the history of the profession so that those who study it can not only be able to learn how the different theories of management evolved, but also be able to come up with better theories, which might help future managers. The study of management history from a critical perspective is immensely important for the continued development of the profession. The critical study of management history is extremely important for managers of organizations because of the fact that they get to learn how to better manage the changes that are affecting their or ganizations. It is a well known fact that in most organizations, very few changes are effectively implemented by the managers who attempt to does so, with the success rate being so low that one would say that they are negligible. The reason for these low rates of success is that there is often resistance from the employees because of the fact that the managers do not know how to address these changes before attempting to implement them. The managers of many organizations often ignore the feelings of their employees when implementing changes and when they meet resistance, they often take an antagonistic stance towards it. This is because many managers in the current generation have not had an opportunity to make a critical study of management history and attempted to learn from past management practices how to manage their employees. Many managers view resistance to change from their employees as being a way to sabotage the activities of the organization, and often take an adversaria l approach towards it. These managers are often ignorant of the history of management, because of they had been aware of it, then they would have realized from the mistakes of their predecessors that an adversarial stance against employees does not work. Therefore, it is very important for managers to critically study management history in order to be able to better manage changes within their organizations (Bedeian 2004, p.93). The era of globalization has come about so fast that many companies have come to have a hard time in keeping pace with the sudden expansion of their markets. A large number of companies have expanded worldwide, and with this expansion has come the need for them to adapt to the different cultures that they encounter. Therefore, it is important for managers to get to learn about the history of management from a critical perspective in order to be able to know how to function in different environments. The history of management from diverse sources all over the world, when studied critically, can be most enlightening for managers as well as students of management (Smith 2007, p.523). This is because of the fact that, even in management, there is the need for cultural relativism, especially now when many organizations are operating on a global scale and interacting with diverse cultures. Cultural relativism

What Is Wind Energy All about Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What Is Wind Energy All about - Essay Example This essay will talk about one form of renewable energy which is wind energy. As stated earlier, wind energy is a form of renewable energy. Renewable energy sources are those that are replenished naturally on a human timescale. Examples of renewable energy are geothermal power, wind energy and sunlight. Wind energy is used to produce electricity when fast-moving air called wind, hits propeller-like blades attached to a rotor. The rotor is coupled to a dynamo-like generator to produce electricity. The generator produces electricity through electromagnetism in its coils. The propeller-like blades, the main shaft and the generator form a unit that is known as a wind turbine. Wind turbines are usually mounted on towers to harness most of the energy of the moving air. These turbines are usually erected in areas that are very windy and are usually outside towns and areas of dense populations. The energy from wind has been harnessed both residentially and commercially. People have used small wind turbines to generate electricity for their own personal use. The generation of electricity has also been done for commercial purposes but in most cases, the energy from a given wind farm is normally used to serve a specific area. Divided opinions have been witnessed by the use of wind energy. Some people have supported the increased tapping and use of wind energy. They argued that wind energy is a great idea and way of generating cheap electricity. However, there are those who have not agreed with this are a bit sceptical when it comes to wind energy. The divided opinions have been generated by the various pros and cons associated with wind energy.

BIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BIO - Essay Example Its posterity would inherit that preference and pass it on to their posterity. The inferior (distraught) parts of the same species would slowly vanish, leaving just the predominant (advantaged) parts of the species. Natural selection is the protection of a functional advantage that empowers members of a species to contend better in nature. Natural selection is the naturalistic equal to local rearing (Vincent and Joel 67). Throughout the hundreds of years, human breeders have delivered sensational changes in local creature populaces by selecting people to breed. Breeders eliminate out undesirable attributes bit by bit over time. Additionally, natural selection wipes out inferior species step by step over time. However, a concept referred to as uniformitarianism is against the theory of natural selection. The theory states that the evolution took place through the influence of some natural forces such as earthquakes and floods. The climate of the earth has changed during the course of history. The majority of scientists agree that human activities are resulting to the increase of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Human activities since the period of the industrial revolution have increased the level of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide one of the major greenhouse gasses is produced through the process of burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and land use changes (Woodward 69). Methane the second type of greenhouse gasses is produced through the process of decomposing wastes in landfills, rice cultivation, and manure management. This means that human activities such as farming and use of fossil fuels have increased the level of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. In my area of origin, there is the problem of contamination of drinking water. This is occurring through the contamination of rivers, reservoirs, and lakes in the region. The government is trying to guarantee that there is a proper way of disposing of waste from the factories in

Harry potter Community Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harry potter Community - Assignment Example Fantasy and illusion may hide these realities but they exist and I know that for sure. Perhaps this is the reason why I see myself in him. Why I am comfortable and at ease to write about this as my discourse community. I can identify with him and his world. If it weren’t for the timely response of the nephew, Harry, a person listening in on the conversation would not have known of the reason why that day was considered by Mr. Vernon as the best day of the week. So what if there is no post on Sundays? The family does not like receiving letters? Are they angry at the postman? – These are just some of the questions that the listener to the conversation would ask. The truth is, the reason goes deeper and is even uglier than the answers to these simple, innocent and trivial questions. Mr. Vernon likes receiving letters for that meant that people liked him well enough to write to him. He feels important when he receives letters. When he found out that his nephew, a â€Å"nobody† and a person who just eats scraps from his table and wears his old oversized clothes were receiving letters that angered him. How could a â€Å"nobody† be more important than him? Because of his mounting anger, he took to getting the letters addressed to the nephew from the postman and burning them. A tedious task for he had to wait for the postman. He has been doing this for a week now and he truly felt relieved that he would not be doing it again that day. On this day, the nephew was standing near the window awaiting orders as if he was a footman. He was not allowed to sit on the chairs in the living room. A privilege enjoyed only by the immediate family. This unspoken rule was meant to show hierarchies in the household. When the conversation began it was just between the immediate family. To further emphasize the exclusivity or the

Ethics in Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics in Technology - Essay Example In contrast, the Trojan Horse was specifically classified as a virus which manifests damaging capabilities to the computer in terms of infecting the user’s files virtually undetected. Its origin was reported to have be sourced from the story in the Greek mythology regarding the invasion of Troy where Greek warriors reported hid in the huge wooden Trojan horse that was presented, supposedly as a gift. Part 2: Examining the Morality of Releasing a Worm 1. Through Kantian Ethics Explaining Kantian ethics in simpler terms, the ethical theory is expounded through the scenario where a perpetuator of an act focuses on the act itself, without apparent regard to the act’s repercussion or outcome. Kant asserted that by virtue of the task, duty, or job, actions are evaluated on their own precepts. Kantian ethics was also explained in terms of seeing one’s behavior or actions in terms of one’s duty or obligation. In the case of Morris, as a student, it was his duty to conform and adhere to the standards and ideals of the university where he was enrolled. As such, his actions were governed by the university’s rules, policies, and codes of coduct and ethical behavior. Therefore, looking at Morris’ actions regarding the issue of releasing the Internet worm that apparently created damage to more than 6,000 computers globally , the act still violated both ethical and moral standards using the Kantian ethics in terms of discerning that the act itself was already wrong at the onset. Releasing the worm as the act was found to be described as â€Å"the unfocused intellectual meandering of a hacker completely absorbed with his creation and unharnessed by considerations of explicit purpose or potential effect† (Eisenberg, Gries, Hartmanis, Holcomb, Lynn, & Santoro, 1989, p. 706). The committee who reviewed the ethical dilemma found that Morris’ actions failed to abide by the ethical standards of professionalism and of discerning that the act was initially morally wrong. 2. Through Utilitarian Ethics Utilitarian ethics, on the other hand was described as an ethical theory that focuses on the results or outcome, specifically, how the action affects the greater number of people for the greater good (National Endowment for Financial Education, 2006). With the premise that utilitarian ethics focuses on the outcome, Morris’ release of the worm is definitely seen as morally wrong since the results have been proven to be destructive. Likewise, as revealed from the Cornell Commission, while reviewing Morris’ actions, the committee tasked to impose sanctions to Morris revealed that by being a student of Cornell and who accepted accountability for releasing the worm through the Internet, he exemplified failure to take a proactive stance in seriously considering the repercussions of his actions and what the potential effects would be in the owners and users of the computers he infected. Therefore, the ac tion is also a violation of moral standards using the utilitarian ethics framework, since it resulted to negative impact on a significantly large number of people, whose files and databases had been compromised, lost and damaged due to his actions. Conclusion In evaluating the ethical issues pertinent to Morris’

Risks Associated With the Use of Tobacco Term Paper

Risks Associated With the Use of Tobacco - Term Paper Example Sadly, the users of tobacco seem not to care or are so addicted to this substance, such that are at an impasse to act. Today many researches by medical practitioners point out that 75% of all lung cancer deaths are tobacco related. Unfortunately, some of those affected are direct passive smoking. Likewise, use of tobacco accounts for more than 20% of heart diseases deaths (Cordry, 2001). Many individuals such as myself have had it difficult coping with the users particularly close friends. Despite these known alarming rate that are associated with use of tobacco and the cause of poor health as well as death many still put their love ones and the public at risk through second hand smoking related risks. However, there are behavioral or other changes can be made to minimize the situation. One of such can be heavy penalty on users of tobacco in public for it affects many non-smokers. Likewise, there is need to regulate advertisement and if possible ban it all together to help curb new users. These will have a direct influence in users and help minimize the associated risks (Graves, 2000). In summary, there are a lot of risks that are directly associated with passive users of tobacco. The risks are health related and affect large portion of the population. However there are a lot that can be done by the government including fines to minimize these

Biotechnology Essay Example for Free

Biotechnology Essay Biotechnology is a subfield of biological science linked to research areas such as recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. As a result biotechnology is applied in a wide range of industries (Chen Marchioni, 2008). According to the Biotechnology Industry Organization, one fourth of the Biotechnology industry’s financing comes from venture capital and it is not just in terms of money but also managerial guidance to the biotechnology firms. This is attributable to the fact that biotechnology is a knowledge intensive industry and a large amount of capital is needed for research and development (Chen Marchioni, 2008). Venture capital financing is favored by the majority of business startups including the biotechnology companies. Venture capital is an equity investment until the company matures. Venture capitalists are involved in the development of a biotechnology firm by becoming board members. The venture capitalists also advice the biotechnology firms on potential strategic partnerships (Munroe Gary Hutton, 2002). This gives the venture capital backed firms an added advantage over the non-venture capital backed firms. Literature Review Although venture capital accounts for a small fraction of the entire funding in the United States, it plays a major role in the financing of biotechnology companies. The biotechnology companies that are funded through capital venture outperform their counterparts in job creation and revenue growth. In the first quarter of 2009, the biotechnology sector received the biggest amount of funding in comparison to the other Life Science companies. This was however, a 16% decrease from the fourth quarter of 2008, constituting a downward tread in the funding of Biotechnology, Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals (VentureDeal, 2009). Due to the prevailing economic crisis, the funding in biotechnology has reversed from an upward tread as the amount of funding has decreased as well as the numbers of companies funded. Sangart Company which researches and commercializes technologies related to oxygen transport agents received $50 million in the sixth round, the largest venture funding during the first quarter. BioVex Company on the other hand received $40 million from a large syndicate of venture capital firms in the sixth round of funding (VentureDeal, 2009). There are success stories in biotechnology venture capital. One example is the case of Thomas Tedder. Tedder collaborated with a venture capitalist, Intersouth and the company provided seed money that helped Tedder’s company called Cellective Therapeutics to develop a business plan and to finalize the licensing agreement. This helped Tedder to focus on the technology development. In due course, Cellective Therapeutics proved a success and the company was sold off at the one year anniversary to MedImmune (Gwynne, 2009). From the venture capitalists point of view, there are issues that are unique to a biotechnology perspective. The venture capitalists look for unique technologies which are critical to the biotechnology field as they are also looking for a market. This means that the venture capitalists are keen on areas such as disease areas which have a large market. The attractive types of research are those that have a widespread target such as cancer, diabetes and infection areas (Rosenman, 2001). Some of the major venture capital firms in the United States are Alta Partners, BA Venture partners, Forward Ventures, Genentech, Latterell venture partners, MedImmune Ventures, Soffinnova ventures and Intersouth (Gwynne, 2009). The geographic clustering of venture capital financed biotechnology firms is similar to the geographic pattern of the biotechnology industry. The biotechnology businesses are clustered together in a region for several benefits. Through the clustering, the companies achieve scale economy; have knowledge and technology spill over in addition to labor pooling and a decrease in transaction costs. The clustering of firms in similar locations makes it easy for workers to change jobs without the need for traveling long distances for interviews and they may not need to relocate homes after a transfer. Labor mobility hence facilitates the exchange of technology, information and knowledge among the biotech firms. Through geographic proximity, the transaction costs are decreased in addition to personal contact being maintained (Antonelli, 2000). This allows in-depth and fast feedback among the economic agents involved and helps build trust, and incentives in economic relationships thus reducing transaction costs. This enhances socialization within the professional network and stimulates co-operation, competition and innovation (Storper Venables, 2004). These are important factors for life science knowledge. The clustering of biotechnology industries relies on venture capital availability, life science knowledge, large pharmaceutical firms and urban diversity. Before the first biotechnology firm, Genetech, was established in 1977, practitioners of genetic engineering were located around universities and research institutes. These universities and institutions also provide quality labor force. Consequently, the areas that are in close proximity to the science research institutions have better access to trained graduate and post graduate students. In the biotechnology industry, much of the venture capital is concentrated in California and Massachusetts, including San Francisco, San Diego and Boston (Gompers Lerner, 2006). Methodology This research employs several methods to investigate the importance of venture funding to the biotechnology firms. Examination on the literature review on the subject of venture funding in biotechnology firms supports the conclusions on the industry. However when conducting research, a researcher is always faced with the task of identifying the methodology to use. This is due to the fact that the researcher has to consider the research question (Morgan Smircich 1980, pp. 491-500). A researcher can lay more adopt either a positivist or post-positivist approach depending on whether the research focuses more on social sciences or natural sciences. The literature review in a research plays an important role in the research as the researcher needs to consider the different perspectives and possibilities before making any conclusions (Armitage Keeble-Ramsay 2009, pp. 1-36). The review of various information sources helps the researcher in understanding the implications of the research process. According to Knalf Breitmayer (1991), the authenticity as well as reliability of the literature review is key in any research. The researcher first has to consider the research options in addition considering the data collection methods. This said, the accessibility and availability of numerous sources of information has necessitated the need for a systematic methodology that can be used in decision making. In this research on venture capital in the biotechnology industry, the emphasis is on the existing firms, the firm’s location and funding. This is mainly achieved through analysis of documented sources and case study reviews. The case studies have inherent strengths that allow tailoring of data collection processes to the research question. Nowadays it has become common for researchers to combine both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods so as to increase the validity of the data collected (Denzin Lincoln 1994). Data Analysis Data analysis helps the researcher interpret the findings of the research hence it is crucial in any research. According to the research, the majority of biotechnology firms depend on venture capital funding to a greater extent. This study investigated the funding of biotechnology firms in relation to venture funding. All proposed hypotheses are supported using analysis, indicating that biotechnology firms favor venture funding. It also shows that the biotechnology firms are clustered in the same areas where there are life science research base, large pharmaceutical firms, many capital venture providers and a large pool of scientists. There is no surprise that biotechnology firms use venture capital as opposed to other forms of lending. The finding that the biotechnology firms are also located in urban areas with talent and a favorable environment for new ideas and breakthroughs is also in line. On the other hand, venture capital is not only important in terms of financial support but also in providing insights, managerial skills and entrepreneurial spirit to the newly established biotechnology firms. Results Biotechnology funding however still has many huddles one of them being lower IPO valuations which has quashed early venture capital funding. The majority of the venture investment has avoided the innovative early stage research and opted for the specialty established companies (Robbins, 2005). Conclusion This study examines venture capital funding in the biotechnology industry. The research examined the sequence of events that take place during the funding and subsequent setting up of the biotechnology firms. The research objectives require the involvement of both the biotechnology firms and the venture capital firms in order to fully understand the relationship as well as the key factors in their relations. The researcher designed and put to use several research instruments to facilitate in the research. The main aim of the research was to bring to the fore the issues involved in the funding process.

Causes Animal Extinction Essay Example for Free

Causes Animal Extinction Essay Choose one of the following topics and write a 3-paragraph essay consisting of an Introductory Paragraph, ONE Supporting Paragraph and a Concluding Paragraph. Requirements: 1) Your introductory paragraph should not exceed 150 words, the body paragraph should not exceed 200 words, and the concluding paragraph should not exceed 150 words. 2) Your thesis statement should consist of at least 3 subdivisions and choose only ONE subdivision to develop your supporting paragraph. 3) Type your essay using Arial font, 12 pt., and spaced at 1.5 between lines. Remember to include page numbers. 4) You MUST cite works from experts. Include at least TWO (2) specific supporting details of different types (e.g. quotations or paraphrase/ statistics/ examples from various sources / references / online journals). Citation and referencing should be using the APA format. 5) Essays that are submitted after the deadline will be penalized 2 points per day unless you have prior approval/extension date, or a good and confirmable reason. If you need an extension, see your instructor. Extensions are at his/her discretion. TOPIC 1 Many foreign students are interested in studying in Malaysia for many reasons. However, some of these students do not turn up at their colleges after successfully obtaining their student visa. In some cases, those absentees were caught being involved in vice activities such as prostitution and drug dealing. Suggest some methods that can be implemented by the government and education institutions to stop foreign students from misusing their student VISA. TOPIC 2 Every 4-5 years, Malaysia undergoes the election process by which the citizens select the people to lead the government. However, many of the younger generation do not feel the need to participate in the voting process. Suggest the ways to encourage youths to register as voters. TOPIC 3 It is easy for people to forget that when they travel alone, whether via public transportation or on their own, they are actually exposed to many dangerous situations, such as crime. Hence, it is vital for all to have some basic safety guidelines to avoid or protect oneself from danger. Suggest the precautions that a person can take while travelling alone.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Improving Treatments

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Improving Treatments Summary ALS is a progressive, fatal motoneurone disease, ultimately leading to paralysis and respiratory failure within 3-5 years. There is currently only one FDA-approved drug, Riluzole, but its lack of disease prolongation combined with the aggressive disease nature means identifying new treatments is essential. This review highlights 3 of the most current and promising research areas. Recent Phase 1 Clinical trials have proven safety of stem cell (SC) implantation in humans. Parallel rodent SC models show positive results in both decelerating disease progression and promoting anti-inflammatory neuronal protection. Supplementary use of growth factors also shows potential regarding motoneurone survival and dendrite length in cultures, and survival rates in mouse models. Knockout of glial xC- glutamate anti-porter significantly reduces excessive glutamate levels in neurones by 70%, compared to xC- +/+ microglia. Knockout also reduces levels of pro-inflammatory markers. These findings highlight vital role of xC- system in reducing neuronal glutamate excitotoxicity. Antisense technologies effectively reduced SOD1 protein and mRNA levels, consistent in CSF and brain of SOD1 rodent cortices. This supports SOD1 as a good biomarker for future antisense studies. Overall, there is promising research being conducted. However improvements in clinical trial techniques must be addressed in order to reliably compare findings from future studies, and allow identification of a cure in the future. Summary word count: 213 Introduction Also known as ‘Lou Gehrig’s Disease’, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) involves loss of upper and lower motoneurones from the brainstem and spinal cord. Symptoms progress from difficulty in limb movement to paralysis, and finally respiratory failure, the biggest cause of death in ALS. With a prevalence of approx. 2:100,000 and average onset age of 55 years, death usually occurs 3-5 years after onset. Although first identified in 1869 by Jean-Martin Charcot, there remain no conclusive disease causes. The disease is classified into 2 types: Familial ALS (fALS), the inherited form, is responsible for approx. 10% of all cases. There are a handful of genetic mutations linked to fALS, including: C90RF72, TDP-43, FUS, Ubiquilin-2, and currently most relevant in disease-models, Cu2+/Zn2+ Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1). Sporadic (sALS) form comprises the majority of cases, and this unknown nature of the disease makes targeted treatments challenging. Riluzole is currently the only FDA approved treatment for ALS, increasing life expectancy by 2 months. In 2011, ‘Nuedexta’ was also approved as a treatment for pseudobulbar effects in ND diseases. Patients must otherwise rely on palliative care to improve quality of life. This review will focus on the most current and widely researched areas. Proposed mechanisms of disease are beyond the scope of this review, but can be found in a review by Cleveland and Rothstein (2001). Stem Cell Therapy Due to its infamous potential, stem cell (SC) therapy is perhaps the most widely researched treatment area. SC therapy aims to improve symptoms rather than cure the disease, by either targeting re-growth of neurones or promoting their survival. Here we will focus on clinical and pre-clinical SC trials in the last 5 years. Direct neuronal replacement One proposed treatment method is to replace dying motoneurones with SCs. Recent Phase 1 Clinical Trials by Glass et al., (2012) and Feldman et al., (2014) studied the safety of lumbar and cervical SC injections, respectively. Both trials found good patient tolerance and sufficient safety to continue with future trials. Feldman et al. also used histochemical analysis to address concerns over unpredictable SC migration, by highlighting successfully transplanted SCs in spinal cord slices, Figure 1. Figure 1. B) Cross-section of spinal cord highlighting non-native cells C) Close-up shows morphology of cells consistent with pre-implanted SCs, indicative of successful transplantation into spinal cord. [Adapted from Feldman et al., 2014] Despite multiple limitations to the experimental technique, such as absence of a control group, results indicated early SC transplantation has a good chance of slowing disease progression in ALS patients, as 50% of patients showed improvement in 6-15 month post-trial check-ups. The corresponding Phase II Trial commenced in September 2013, and is due for completion this month. Figure 2 shows a previous study by Karussis et al., (2010) where SC injection leads to a significant increase in immune-regulatory cells (CD4+/CD25+) and an overall decreased immune response. Figure 2. Levels of neuronal cell inflammatory markers following injection of SCs [Adapted from Karussis et al., 2014] Reduction in immune response over 24hrs was in fact greater than seen in immunomodulatory medicines, suggesting additional mode of action for SC therapy. Neuronal survival via growth factor delivery Unsuccessful trials in the late 1990s to treat ALS with growth factors (GFs) prompted further studies into appropriate CNS targeting. Development of the SOD1-mutant rat model allowed Suzuki et al., in 2008, to address these delivery issues in a study using SCs as GF vectors. They found GF delivery to mid-stage SOD1 rodents showed increased neuromuscular connections, and a lifespan increase of 28 days, possibly due to reduced neuronal loss. Viral vectors for trophic factors (TFs) provide an alternative delivery route, and in 2010, Dodge et al., carried out mouse embryonic-SC motoneurone studies in which expression of TFs IGF-1 and VEGF-165 using viral vector, AAV4, allowed successful delivery of TFs to entirety of CNS. This slowed MN decline and increased mouse survival. Figure 3 shows initial culture studies using mouse-derived embryonic motoneurone SCs, showing clear protective action on neurones. Figure 3. A) 70% of motoneurones died in control, GFP-CM, compared to high survival with IGF-1-CM/VEGF-CM. B,C) IGF-1-CM/VEGF-CM treated motoneurones showed increased neurite length and survival rates compared to control. [Image from Dodge et al., 2010] Subsequent mouse studies showed increased survival and decelerated reduction in hindlimb grip-strength and stamina on the rotarod, seen in Figure 4. Figure 4. A,C,E) Mouse studies depicting neuroprotective action of TFs, IGF/VEGF vs control. [Image adapted from Dodge et al., 2010] It is worth noting that combined delivery of both TFs showed no synergistic effect, probably due to their affecting the same pathway. Subsequently, in 2013, Krakora et al., modified human mesenchymal SCs to further investigate synergistic effect of combined GFs. A synergistic effect between GDNF + VEGF was seen due to their action on different signalling cascades. This shows promise for future studies into improved neuronal survival. SC conclusions Phase-1 clinical-trials have shown safety of SC injection into CNS with promising, if unreliable, patient outcomes. The mechanism of improvement still unidentified, but hints at inflammatory regulation in neural protection may open an interesting avenue. GF application shows further potential based on rodent/mice studies with a proven effect at slowing disease progression and neuronal loss. SCs make suitable GF vectors as can be made to express/over-express GFs. Combining GF models with SC vectors for targeted delivery requires further exploration. Future trials must consider frequency, dose and administration technique. Neuronal Excitotoxicity Mouse ALS models by Beers et al., (2011) and Liao et al., (2012) indicate microglia conversion from M2 (anti-inflammatory) to M1 (pro-inflammatory) state during disease. Believed to be due to glutamate toxicity, therapeutic work should focus on reducing excessive neuronal glutamate level, and reducing resultant pro-inflammatory response. In 2014, Mesci et al., studied the xC- system; a glial antiporter exchanging cysteine for glutamate release, causing increased neuronal glutamate. The study aimed to show blocking xC- would reduce excessive glutamate release and affect M1/M2 state, to reduce inflammation. xCT (transporter gene) -/- mouse microglial studies demonstrated a significant 70% reduction in glutamate release compared to XC- +/+. Furthermore, Figure 5 shows significantly increased pro-inflammatory factors in xC- +/+ mice microglia compared to -/-, hinting at a shift towards the M1 microglial phenotype via xC-. Figure 5. A-E) Levels of M1 pro-inflammatory factors in xCT -/- vs +/+ mouse microglia [Image from Mesci et al., 2014] Interestingly, Mesci et al., also noted a 10-fold increase in anti-inflammatory M2 marker levels at pre-symptomatic phase in -/- mice which drops off at disease onset, indicating M1/M2 shift upon disease onset. Encouragingly, -/- microglia showed significant increase in motoneurone survival in -/- vs +/+ microglia, at 45% and 35% survival, respectively. This is indicative of a less neurotoxic environment. Finally, xC- -/- SOD1 mutated mice showed an overall deceleration in disease progression, shown by increased survival rates following advanced disease stage (20% weight loss) in Figure 6. Figure 6. Survival in advanced ALS in xC- +/+ and -/- SOD1 mice Neurotoxicity conclusions These anti-excitotoxicity findings are consistent with the action of Riluzole. Future drugs may target xC- system, however current antagonists are poorly specific and available to brain. Identification of a more suitable antagonist would be a good priority before further clinical trials. Antisense Technologies Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) bind to specific mRNA sequences to cause mRNA degradation. In 2013, Leah et al., conducted studies in SOD1 rodents and human subjects with neurodegenerative diseases. SOD1-targeting ASOs were introduced to subjects to reduce SOD1 levels. They found both SOD1 mRNA and protein fell by 69Â ±4% and 48Â ±14%, respectively, in rodent cortices. Interestingly, this matched reduced protein levels by 42Â ±14% in rodent CSF, indicating CSF levels are a good measure of levels in brain. Unfortuntely, SOD1 cannot be a specific ALS marker due to its presence in other neurodegenerative diseases. However, its observed constant levels over time supports SOD1 as a good biomarker in indicating efficacy of antisense technologies and its effective targeting by ASOs may be useful in measuring brain SOD1 levels via CSF levels in future studies. A Phase 1 Clinical Trial by Miller et al., (2013) to determine safety of single-dose intrathecal injection of ASOs found no safety concerns. However, liver cancer and neuropathy was previously seen in cases of chronic low SOD1 levels (Elchuri et al., 2005), so long-term dosage effects must be carefully monitored. Conclusions This review was restricted to three main research areas, but areas such as susceptibility gene identification, oxidative stress and protein misfolding, are also being explored. Current research shows promise, especially in SOD1 rodent models and positive safety data from Phase 1 Trials. SCs continue to have vast potential, and when combined with GFs have shown encouraging effects on disease progression in rodent models. Reliability of these studies, however, must be improved in order to draw accurate conclusions and compare findings from related studies. Ideally, a ‘standard trial protocol’ should be implemented. Trials must also consider long-term effects of reduced SOD1 levels (in antisense techniques) and immunosuppressant use (with stem cells). Some issues may possibly be alleviated by recent development of new autologous SC models (Meyers et al., 2014). In short, current ALS treatments remain palliative care and Riluzole, but with new developments continuously emerging there is definitely an exciting research landscape ahead. In October 2014, ALSA requested Phase II Trial proposals to accelerate work in this area, meaning that the race is on to find suitable ALS treatment that may help patient prognosis in the future. Word count: 1573 119/09/2016

Marketing Trend Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursework

Marketing Trend Introduction Companies of today must respond to change to survive the future. Change is inevitable-growth is optional. Change forces all business owners to adapt, adjust and be energetic in building their businesses. After all, there are only three things a company can do with change: ignore it, adapt to it or embrace it. By focusing on new ways of doing things, a company can revitalize their business. In particular, marketing in new ways and with different strategies not only simulates new business, but also gives a company a new vision on productivity. Advertising Companies will need to use their resources wisely as technologies and quick markets will leave companies trying to find their way to the door. Spending millions of dollars to make a product unique is a thing of the past with technology and the ever changing buying patterns and competition companies will have to use those dollars to emphasize their company values not specifically their product. Additionally education will play an important role as markets and technology is rapidly changing. Companies should develop a culture that encourages and fosters new ways of looking at things. They constantly should strive to create, develop, test and refine ideas. Organizations and associations are resources and committed to offering ideas, information, data, conferences, publications and more. In addition, local college continuing education classes, public workshops and even the libr...

the patriot review :: essays research papers

The Patriot Movie Review The Movie, The Patriot, was a rousing and vigorous Revolutionary War epic from the view point of a family full of revenge and strong wills. This movie began with the majority of colonists angered. This part of the movie caught my attention and intrigued me to keep watching until the last minute. I especially enjoyed the heartbreaking moments and the realistic war scenes in the movie. Although I liked those aspects of the movie, the storyline was exceptionally good as well. To understand this historical fiction movie, a historical background is needed. If a person does not understand what is meant by â€Å"Taxation without representation,† then the subject of conflict will not be understood. The plot of the movie began to develop when Benjamin Martin’s son, Gabriel, was captured by British troops. Benjamin Martin was a former hero of the French and Indian War, but he renounced fighting so that he would be able to raise his family in peace. Attempting to save his brother, Benjamin’s other son stood up to the British soldiers, but was killed in the process. Benjamin, only wanting to save Gabriel, ended up fighting in battle, rescuing Gabriel, and killing the murderer of his other son. After all of this happened Benjamin realized the importance of being involved in the war, so he sent his other children to live with their aunt in order for he and Gabriel to join the army. Once they became part of the army, Benjamin became a general and lead his colonial militia, including Gabriel, into trifling battles. During battle Gabriel was killed, which deeply depressed Benjamin and made him so distraught that he does not feel like fighting anymore. His feelings stayed this way until (while at the camp) he saw the Brit that killed Gabriel. Benjamin then killed that man and understood at that moment why so many men had been dieing. Because of this, Benjamin became extremely patriotic and decided to move on with the Americans because he then had something t o fight for. Everything that happened kept me on the edge of my chair wanting to know what was going to happen next. Overall, I thought that this movie was very moving and vigorous. Although I enjoyed the main portion of the movie, there were some obvious likes and dislikes in my opinion. I believe that I learned from this movie and it helped me understand more of what the people of that time were feeling.

Capital Punishment Essay - Death Penalty as a Deterrent to Crime :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Death Penalty as a Deterrent to Crime Brutally murdered by a man no one would have suspected, an innocent twelve-year old girl was taken from her mother. Although, this poor girl's mother was stricken with grief and anger, she did not wish for this murderer to die for her own sake, but to protect other innocent girls like her own. She sat and watched, staring into the eyes of the man who had killed her daughter. She watched as they inserted the needle containing the fluid that would take his life. Is it morally unjust to execute criminals after they have committed a certain horrific crime upon another innocent victim? Until mid-twentieth century, this had been the tradition of practice, dating back to ancient times. In the United States especially, capital punishment is a hot topic of discussion and controversy. It is a difficult issue with many different points of view. Some are pro death penalty, others against the death penalty, and yet others with mixed feelings. So many different questions originate when the topic of the death penalty arises. Some of these are cost, sentencing equality, religious beliefs, the possibility of executing the innocent, and deterrence. These are just a few of the heated issues to consider. The death penalty is deterring crime, showing that individuals in the United States will be held responsible for their actions. Some of the first death penalty laws can be dated as far back as the Eighteenth Century. This was a time when death was the only punishment for all crimes. These death sentences were done by means of beheading, drowning, beating to death, and burning alive, among others. From 1823 to 1837, the death penalty was eliminated, in Britain, for over 100 of the 222 crimes punishable by death. In 1967, after many legal challenges through the courts, executions were stopped in the United States. Finally, the Supreme Court placed a suspension on capital punishment in 1972, although later allowed it in 1977, under certain conditions (Changes). Cost plays a major role in the death penalty. Opposing views say that it is far more expensive to execute someone than to give them life without parole. On the other hand, many others disagree. It has been estimated that life without parole cases will cost 1.2 million to 3.6 million dollars more than that equivalent to using the death penalty. On average, a life without parole sentence lasts thirty to forty years, while the annual cost of imprisonment is 40,000 to 50,000 dollars for each prisoner or more, each year (Lowe).

Writings by Edgar Allan Poe Insight

Dezzie B. Ligon III 10/30/12 English 5 Mr. Rabot Without Recourse Thesis: The act of death is that of many intricate parts. It is destined, at times a mystery that is sought, frequently sudden and ill accepted, and recurrently caused by vengeance lacking true justice. Title: â€Å"Conqueror Worm† In life lies destiny, in destiny lies death. The poem â€Å"Conqueror Worm† by Edgar Allan Poe exemplifies this fact by portraying man as a tragedy and a worm as the hero.The poem is set as a play with a plot telling of sin, madness, and horror. The angels are the audience members, man is shown as mimes that fly around as mere puppets, and the writhing Conqueror Worm surfaces at the climax of the play and devours said mimes. After the curtain’s fall the angels then confirm â€Å"that the play is the tragedy â€Å"Man†, and its hero the Conqueror Worm. † The theme of this poem is conveyed to the reader in the quote â€Å"The mimes become its food†. T he meaning of this is that in the end, all of man is destined to die and become worm food.His use of diction in the choosing of the word â€Å"become† instead of a word such as â€Å"are† tells the reader that man is not born as worm food, but as destiny catches up they will inevitably succumb to such a fate. Additionally, although the Conqueror Worm is the collection of all worms that ultimately devour man’s bodies, it is also the embodiment of death itself. Surprisingly, Poe uses this embodiment of death as the protagonist of the story. This then creates the conflict of Man vs. Death, or more simply Character vs. Nature. Man is the Character while Death is Nature. Sadly, in such a conflict Nature always prevails.This conflict thus gives more support to the idea that death is but the destiny of man. This ending destiny is also shown in the quote â€Å"Out-out are the light-out all! † in which after the arrival of the writhing worm nothing but darkness re mains. Man’s mortality will always plague itself because there is only one thing man is meant to do. That is the everlasting fate of becoming nothing but worm food. Title: â€Å"Ms. Found in a Bottle† In death lies mystery, in mystery lies those who seek answers. The short story â€Å"Ms. Found in a Bottle† by Edgar Allan Poe illustrates this idea through the intricate retelling of the final moments of a man’s life.The story is told through first person view by an unnamed narrator. The narrator originally sets sail from Java on a ship headed to the Sunda Islands; however the trip is ruined by a storm that kills all crew members except for him and an old swede. Though they are alive, there ship is swept south by a whirlpool for 5 days before a black ships appears and collides with his ship. The narrator is thus thrown onto the new ship where he comes into contact with very ancient looking crew members who do not acknowledge his presence. Eventually he over comes his despair and eagerly awaits the discovery of the most southern parts of the world.Sadly, before reaching their final destination the ice parts revealing a giant whirlpool that sinks the very large black ship. The underlying theme of the story is conveyed in the quote â€Å"I presume, utterly impossible; yet a curiosity to penetrate the mysteries of these awful regions, predominates even over my despair† in which the narrator tells the reader that his yearning for answers to the mysteries of the unchartered region stands above his actual fear of death. However, the unexplored region isn’t actually that of the south.The south is just an embodiment of the realm of the dead and the curiosity the narrator feels is for the mystery of the inevitable death. The whirlpool that takes him and the ancient crew mates to such a realm is a symbol used by Poe to depict a doorway to an unknown place. This is a perfect symbol because the whirlpool only brings things down into t he depths, the depths of the underworld itself. Additionally, the wanting of answers is also portrayed in the statement â€Å"It is evident that we are hurrying onwards to some exciting knowledge-some never-to-be imparted secret, whose attainment in destruction†.Here it is obvious that the knowledge they are seeking is that of death, death being that which leads to destruction of oneself. The ancient crew members he set final voyage with seemed quite peculiar. It was as if they were on the brink of death but holding out for a sole reason. Right before the whirlpool hits it is said â€Å"but there is upon their countenances an expression more of the eagerness of hope than of the apathy of despair. † The ancient ship mates seem to know of what is to come and smile because now they can truly find the answers they sought.To both them and eventually the narrator, death is something they seek because the mysteries of the realm of the dead are to interesting to be left unansw ered. Title: Annabel Lee In death lies abruptness, in abruptness lies ill acceptance. The poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† by Edgar Allan Poe exemplifies this idea through the poetic telling of the death of a young boy’s loved one. Annabel Lee, who long ago lived â€Å"in a kingdom by the sea†, loved the narrator; however she was abruptly killed by a wind that chilled her.The narrator mad with love thought that the Angels had envied their love and conspired with nature to send said wind that killed her. According to the narrator, their love was too strong to be severed by the â€Å"Angels in heaven above† or the â€Å"demons down under the sea†. He is reminded of Annabel Lee by everything, â€Å"For the moon never beams, without bringing me dreams of Annabel Lee†, and at night he lies by her tomb by the sea. The theme of the poem is conveyed in the lines â€Å"With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven coveted her and me.And this was the reason t hat, long ago†¦ A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling my beautiful Annabel Lee†. Here depicts the idea that when one suddenly dies someone else tends to have a hard time accepting their death and instead places blame on things which blame cannot logically be placed. The narrator, along with many other people in real life, has trouble accepting the death of someone he loved so strongly. Thus, he seeks to blame the Angels or more specifically but only through inference, God. â€Å"The angels†¦ went envying her and me-Yes! that was the reason†¦ that the wind came†¦ killing my Annabel Lee. † Once again, the ill acceptance of the sudden death of his loved one is shown by him still ludicrously placing blame on angels controlling the winds. This constant condemnation of the Angels then creates a small Character vs. Nature conflict in which the narrator-being the character-just isn’t fully able to accept this sudden death caused by Nature. We all know death is inevitable, however, when it rears its ugly fangs and causes a late death of someone we care about, we lack the capability of complete acceptance.Title: The Cask of Amontillado In death lies revenge, in revenge lies injustice. The short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† portrays this idea through the recount of a vengeful plot devised by the narrator Montresor. At its beginning it is shown that Montresor held a grudge against Fortunato. Montresor says â€Å"when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge†. Fortunato’s insult is unknown but to the narrator it is quite serious. He then with the use of reverse psychology, tricks Fortunato into becoming intoxicated and into a niche hidden deep within the Montresor catacombs.Montresor then easily overcomes the drunken Fortunato and chains him within the niche. To finish his plot of revenge he walls Fortunato into his newfound tomb. The underlying theme of the story is conveyed in the quote â€Å"I hastened to make an end of my labor†. At first glance it would seem this is simply referring to Montresor and his completion of his makeshift wall, but it has a much stronger hidden meaning. The use of the word â€Å"end† refers to the sentence given to the convicted and the use of the word â€Å"labor† is that of the arduous take of being jury, judge, and executioner.Montresor, driven by vengeance, creates his own untrue law and condemns the accused to a penalty not of death but that which will inevitably lead to such a fate. This odd â€Å"sentence† of Fortunato by Montresor can also be originally seen in the line â€Å"I must not only punish, but punish with impunity. † Here Montresor says he has to punish him, but in a paradoxical way punish him without punishing him. This is indeed what Montresor tried to do by locking him away, but letting him live.However, the idea of punishment with impunity is ludicrous because it is not possible. In reality, Montr esor did punish him thus being another reason why vengeance is of untrue justice and law. Poe, making Montresor the protagonist, even though he is indeed doing evil deeds also supports the idea of vengeance without true law. When vengeance causes death, or like here when vengeance speeds up the ever turning wheel of the inevitable, it is not possible for justice to be uninvolved. However, it is also impossible for true and â€Å"good† justice to be associated as well.

Motivation in the workplace Essay

Motivation is the desire to do something. It plays a huge role in any workplace. You want your employees happy and wanting to come to work. People who work for the love of their job are showing intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to performing an activity for the inherent enjoyment or satisfaction derived from the activity. (Levin, et al., 2012). A worker motivated by extrinsic factors may be there just for the money and other benefits. It is motivation which keeps an employee performing and striving to become better at doing their job. There are different ways of motivation, theories, and pro and cons of financial incentives pertaining to the workplace. There are different ways to motivate people in the workplace. Redesigning jobs is one way to motivate people at work. When you are redesigning jobs, you may want to consider job rotation. Job rotation is a way of keeping the employee from boredom of the same routine. Job rotation also gives the employee the opportunity to develop skills and knowledge in other areas within the job. Job enlargement is another redesigned job to help motivate employees. It involves adding on tasks at the same level of skill and responsibility. By giving employees more tasks, it is hoped to make jobs more interesting, which might increase production and job satisfaction. Increasing job involvement may also motivate an employee. Having employees involved in decisions that affect their works have a positive impact on their motivation. Using money as a motivator is also way to motivate people at the workplace. The opportunity to earn more money motivates some employees to increase productivity. There are two types of pay for performance programs. One type is called piece rate pay. It is when an employee is paid a fixed amount for each unit of production. In other words, you get paid for the work you complete. Another type of pay for performance is called merit-based pay plans. Merit pay involves the supervisor meeting with the employee to discuss the employee’s work and to award an increase or a bonus based on their performance. Another motivator for the workplace is alternative work arrangements. An alternative work arrangement is any arrangement which is different from the tradition nine to five while still getting 40 hours a week. Employees receive the same pay and benefits as they would if they were working the traditional schedule. Flexible work time is an alternative work arrangement. Our book states that employee on this work arrangement are expected to work eight hours and to be there during core hours, but they are free to work their remaining hours however they choose. (Youseff & Noon, 2012). Flex time helps employees meet the difficulties of family life, illness and personal emergencies. It also decrease employee stress, reduce sick leave, and increase productivity. Another alternative work arrangement is called compressed work week. For this arrangement, workers still work the 40 hours a week, but they do it in ten hour work day four days a week. Some employees may enjoy having a full day off during each work week to other things. The down side to compressed work week is it can increase fatigue which can decrease production. Telecommuting is also an alternative work arrangement. This arrangement is working from home. Working from home can be a problem for some because they can be easily distracted by their home life. For enhancing my own motivation at work, I would keep a positive attitude about things. I will stay motivated my surrounding myself with positive motivated people. I will do my best at my job and do what needs to be done to get my job done. I will be a team player and offer my help when need be. I would also keep in mind that I do not spend 24 hours at work. I would also take breaks during the work day so I won’t be stress. On my days off, I would relax and prepare myself for the work week. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Alderfer’s existence relatedness growth (ERG) theory are two content theories of motivation in a workplace. Content theories are theories that identify what motivates people. Both of these theories are similar because they recognize various types of needs as a hierarchy. Maslow needs are organized hierarchically. The five parts of the hierarchy are from bottom to top are: physiological needs, safety, belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. According to Maslow’s (1954) view of individual needs, job satisfaction is said to exist when the job and its environment meet an individual’s needs. (as cited in Brown, & Sargeant, 2007). Alderfer’s theory is in three categories: existence, relatedness, and growth. Existence relates to Maslow’s physiological and safety needs. Relatedness is similar to Maslow’s belonging needs. Growth is like Maslow’s self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Although both of these theories have needs that motivate worker, they also have differences. The difference between these theories is Maslow believed that you have to fulfill these needs in order to move to the next level of needs. Alderfer’s did not believe that each level had to be attained in sequence before moving on to the next. Alderfer’s believed that employee’s motivation can come from more than one level of needs. There are pros and cons for using money as a motivator in the workplace. The pros to using financial incentives in the workplace are employees job satisfaction may increase. Employees may want to do their job well to receive promotions. The employees are happy because they make more money and the employer is happy due to the company running well because of the hard work being done. The cons to financial incentives is that every employee may not get the same amount of financial incentives and that may lead to feelings of unfair treatment at work. In conclusion, motivation is very important in the workplace. Some ways to motivate people at work is to redesign jobs so they become bored. Alternate work arrangements may motivate people at work also. There are different theories that help us understand what motivate people in the workplace, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which is broken down in five levels. There are also pros and cons how financial incentives can play a part in at work. In the workplace you want to do your best to keep employees motivated to run a successful company. References Brown, D., & Sargeant, M. A. (2007). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Religious Commitment of Full-Time University Employees. Journal Of Research On Christian Education, 16(2), 211-241. doi:10.1080/10656210701647613 Levin, M. A., Hansen, J. M., & Laverie, D. A. (2012). Toward Understanding New Sales Employees’ Participation in Marketing-Related Technology: Motivation, Voluntariness, and Past Performance. Journal Of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(3), 379-393. Youssef, C. and Noon, A. (2012). Industrial/Organizational Psychology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Maternal Deprivation Essay

An understanding of my feelings regarding Maternal deprivation Maternal deprivation was a term used by British psychologist John Bowlby. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation was that any disruption to the continuity of a loving and mutual bond between child and mother/mother figure can be potentially damaging to a child’s emotional, intellectual and social development. Bowlby believed that if a bond is broken between child and mother between the crucial period of 6 months and 5 years, then the child is at high risk of developing things like anti social behaviour and mental retardation. There are different kinds of separation: Short term separation: This occurs when working mothers/ mother figure make use of daycare or child or mother figure has a short stay in hospital. Long term separation: Occurs when families split up and one parent has custody or when both parents die. Privation: Occurs when a child is orphaned very young and receives institutional care, or when a child is severely neglected or abused by carers so that an atypical attachment is formed. Maternal Privation: this occurs when an infant is never allowed to bond with their mother figure. Prived children do not experience the close relationship most of us get to enjoy. He believed that The first 5 years of life are the most important in a persons development. Separation from a parent especially the mother is a major cause in psychological trauma in childhood Such deprivation and consequent psychological trauma has long lasting affects on the over all development of a child The attachment is monotropic meaning it is between the child and one other person. There is a critical period for attachment formation, he thought was between 6 months and 3 years. The child must form an attachment by around 6 months, after which they will have a strong need to be continually close to the mother/mother figure. Any obstacle to the forming of attachment or any subsequent disruption of the relationship constitutes â€Å"Maternal deprivation. The secure attachment and continuous relationship a child needs is far more likely to be provided within the natural family than  anywhere else. Bowlby believed that there are huge psychological consequences for a child who has experienced separation from their mother/mother figure. Bowlby based his research on a group of children who had been sent to his clinic for stealing, this was known as â€Å" The thieves study† The aim of this study was to see if juvenile criminals who displayed affectionless psychopathy were likely to have had an early separation than those who had not. Eighty eight children half of whom had criminal records for theft. Fourteen of the thieves displayed a lack of normal affection, a sense of responsibility or shame. Almost all of these children suffered early or prolonged separation from their mothers/mother figure. The remaining seventy four children who were not affectionless, only seven had been separated from their mother figures. This appears to strongly support Bowlbys theory. Bowbly said that â€Å"mother love in Infancy and childhood is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health† I agree, Children need a stable, permanent, loving figure in their lives, for comfort, support, safety and to know and feel love. A happy child is a thriving child.

Data Abstraction

According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the word abstract is defined as â€Å"disassociated from any specific instance† or â€Å"expressing a quality apart from an object†, or â€Å"having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content†.From these definitions, it can be possible to get an idea that to abstract an object implies something ethereal and nebulous, completely disjoint from a concrete instance of that object. In an idea reminiscent of Plato, the world can be separated into two things – the abstract idea and the concrete instance.Understanding the concept of the abstract data type or ADT is easier knowing the definitions of abstraction. An ADT is a representation of a concrete instance. Computers can only process ones or zeros and can only store long ones and zeros.However, in building programs a programmer might want to develop code that interacts or models real world objects or process es. ADTs are â€Å"invented† data types – data types that are modeled after the abstract idea of the concrete instance. An example is the string data type found in some programming languages.A computer cannot store a string (only ones and zeros) yet programmers can do operations on a string like concatenation (using the + operator) effortlessly as if the computer or compiler understands that the user is working with sentences.This brings to light an important concept when dealing with ADTs – the concept of information hiding. A compiler designer might engineer a programming language to handle strings in many ways. He may choose to use ASCII or EBCDIC, use 8 bits per character or a full 32 bit word, use little endian or big endian storage.All these choices are invisible to the user. All the developer needs to understand is that to concatenate strings uses a â€Å"+† operator. Indeed, for an abstracted data type to be functional the functionality of that da ta type should reflect that what that ADT represents independent of the implementation.The nitty gritty of its workings is hidden behind a wall called the interface. The interface (associated operations, properties, etc) is all that the programmer needs and should need to   know. A good wall is a prerequisite of good ADT design.So far the paper has discussed about ADTs as data types that represent an idea (such as a string) that is not natively supported by the hardware. A developer might also make his or her own ADTs through the use of data structures.A data structure is basically just an ordered way of organizing data. An example of a data structure is the struct in C, linked lists, and trees. A developer may choose to create one of these data structures in order to represent an abstract idea. He may choose to use a tree in order to represent a family tree.In designing user created ADTs, the concept of information hiding should still be remembered. The ADT should provide a const ant standard interface for every method or subroutine that chooses to call it. Additionally, it goes without saying that the data structure of choice should efficiently model the abstract idea it represents. Using a tree to represent genealogy is easier and makes more sense compared to using linked lists.A soda vending machine, even though it is quite simple is a good illustration of the many aspects of ADT design. The developer might need to store the types of sodas the machine is selling. As there is no â€Å"soda† data type, the programmer might use strings. When the machine vends, the machine should also know that there is one less soda in its storage.A programmer might then choose to implement the sodas as a stuct composed of one string (for the soda name) and an integer representing the number of soda cans left. When the customer presses a button corresponding to a soda, the soda name is displayed on the screen and the machine checks if there are still soda cans left.If there are cans left, the vend process continues through with the customer getting his soda (after payment of course) and the integer counter for the soda is decremented by one. However if the counter is of value zero already, the machine halts the operation and tells the customer to pick another soda.BibliographyCarrano, Frank, and Janet Prichard. Data Abstraction and Problem Solving with C++ Walls and Mirrors. 3rd ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2001.Sedgewick, Robert. Algorithms in C. 3rd ed. Boston: Addison-Weslet, 1998.Sun Developer Network [Website], java.sun.com

Describe the effects of the Blitz on every day life in Britain

The Blitz cause many problems across the country, not only in the bombed areas. Rationing and evacuation affected the whole country. Rationing of food helped to improve the diet of some people, as poorer people could now afford to buy better food and their general health improved. Evacuation affected the whole country, as the evacuees families had to cope with the temporary loss of a family member, and also the families where they were evacuated to, had to cope with one or two extra members of the household – anyone4 with space in their house had to take in an evacuee. When air raid precautions such as blackouts were introduced at the outbreak of war, people took them very seriously as heavy fines were handed out if the rules were broken. Censorship was used to improve and build morale. This was done by censoring newspaper reports, photographs in newspapers and radio broadcasts. The role of women also changed greatly throughout the war – they took over men's jobs in factories, volunteered in organisations such as the WVS (Women's Voluntary Service). Rationing was implemented by the government to insure even distribution across the country and to show equal treatment of everyone. In the leaflet ‘Your Food in War Time', the government explains that â€Å"more than 20 million tonnes† of food â€Å"are brought into our ports from all parts of the world†. This says that the government were worried that the Nazis could starve the country, as it was a good way of attacking the country. It affected people as they were only allowed limited amounts of supplies such as food and kitchen utensils. There were ration books and everyone got their set amount of rations, some got more than others e. g. manual workers got more than office workers, and pregnant women got more than other normal women. Some people went to extremes to get more food, like buying extra food and ration books at extortionate prices from the black market. Children were given Cod Liver Oil and orange juice as supplements. Rationing began in 1940 during the Phoney War and gradually got more extreme when the Blitz came about. It got so bad that people were even encouraged to keep allotments and grow their own vegetables to share with others. This was named the ‘Dig For Victory' campaign and there was much speculation on this campaign. It proved to be fairly successful to the people that followed instructions. There was also a rationing on soap and clothes. This was because many clothes factories were converted into munitions and aircraft factories to help the war effort. The people were advised to ‘make do and mend', rather than buying new clothes, as the production of clothes was at a low. Coal was never officially rationed but it was in short supply and the government strictly controlled distribution. It was actually a second wave of rationing which caused these problems, the first one was very confusing for the British citizens and they didn't understand how it worked at first, but the second wave was even more confusing when the government introduced a ‘points scheme'. This point's scheme measured each persons food allowance per day in points and no one was permitted to have more food than the government allocated for them. Evacuation was also another key problem that the citizens of Britain had to do. It affected the whole of the nation including the evacuees and the places they were evacuated to. Some evacuees preferred the places they were sent to, to their homes. This was because they had been treated very poorly in their homes or if their families were poor, some of them had fleas and mites. On the other hand, some families were extremely cruel to their evacuees, as they did not want another child in their house. They were not expecting it and if any household had a spare room they were sent an evacuee, no questions asked. The amount of evacuees was astounding. In a space of 4 days at the beginning of September, there was roughly one and a half million evacuees, most of them being school children and mothers with babies. There were also disabled and blind people evacuated. Pregnant mothers and teachers were evacuated as well as they were considered valuable. Many quiet towns and villages in the country were swamped with ‘down and out' children from the city and the suburbs and their different attitudes on life. Many who weren't evacuated feared their lives would be lost, so began ‘trekking' out of the city at night to try and escape danger. The role of women changed dramatically during the war. They took on men's jobs and organised many events and organisations. They set up better efforts for the evacuation processes and created matches of evacuees and homes, so they would get on with each other. They also worked long, hard factory shifts and they did physical, manual labour, which was previously thought to be jobs that only men could do. The women made do with what they had and tried different ways of coping. One of their tasks was to make people take the rationing seriously and realise that all they had was all they were going to get and no one was an exception; everyone got exactly the same as the rest of the people in their league. The women decided that the answer to this would be to make food seem more interesting and appealing. The women in the home were strongly advised to follow recipes that were distributed by the government. They had to learn how to cook using a low supply of gas, this meant that meals would take hours to cook and so many women prepared them a day in advance. The rationalisation caused food to be in low supply as well so leftovers had to be heated up the next day and eaten for dinner. Many thought they were doing the jobs of men better than the men did. The women did not only do strenuous, tough jobs that they weren't used to in the daytime, they also were made to volunteer to take on more jobs in the night time, as well keeping their families together. Many precautions and everyday ways of life had to be changed. These were things like; street lights. They had to be completely switched off, so did car headlights. This was to protect people from the German bombers, like blackout curtains were also. People were made to get Anderson shelters and create the shelter in their own back gardens. If they did not comply there were stiff penalties. If they did not have their own garden, they were made to manage with the supposedly next best, which were Morrison shelters. These were arc-like shelters made of corrugated steal and supposed to stop flying debris. Obviously if a bomb landed directly on top of an Anderson or a Morrison shelter, there would be no chance of survival. The people had to bear these things in mind as well. Many became cynical about the shelters' effectiveness, but nevertheless got on with it. They were not very strong and provided little protection for people during the war, however, there was no other protection available. Air raid wardens were appointed and they gave the signal for everyone to make a mad dash for their air raid shelters. This was another thing that affected everyday life, as they had to stop absolutely everything they were doing at the time and get into their shelters as quickly as possible. There was a huge wave of fear each time the air raid sirens were sounded. People were strongly advised to stay off the streets to minimise the amount of casualties. Entertainment facilities were out of bounds and cinemas, theatres and concert halls were closed. This caused a horrendous effect on those that ran the entertainment places. They were not allowed to make money off of them so many became bankrupt. Many things, if not complied with, were considered an offence. If someone wasn't wearing a gas mask it was considered an offence. If you weren't carrying an identity card, it was seen to be criminal and a penalty would be brought against you. If you did not have an Anderson or Morrison shelter, or any of the black out equipment (like curtains), you could be charged. This affected peoples lives as they had to adapt to a new way of life and just the slightest thing they did wrong could cause themselves to be charged or even to cause casualties in their town. This is a prime example of showing how seriously the government dealt with people who didn't really care. The government censored a lot of the information and pictures in the media showing the real impact of German destruction. They wouldn't let information be broadcasted which they thought would lower the morale of the British public so they banned it. They also wouldn't let pictures of mass destruction or dead bodies be shown in the newspapers either. One example of censorship was a picture of a school playground in Catford, London destroyed, not allowed in the newspaper as it was said to have had children's bodies on it. This would lower the morale of the British, and so was not allowed in any branches of media. All films, news broadcasts, articles, pictures, etc. were checked thoroughly by the government before being allowed to go in the limelight. The reason censorship was so important was because the British people were eager to hear anything new in the war and if there was any sign of Britain losing the war, there would be a national panic and it would be complete havoc. For obvious reasons the government didn't want this to happen, so they shielded the public from disturbing information. For people to know that an area was completely destroyed or badly hit, they would have to be living in that area or have relatives that would tell them about it. There would be no other way of them finding out.

Mary Daly Radical Feminist Thoughts Research Paper

Mary Daly Radical Feminist Thoughts - Research Paper Example Her first publication â€Å"The Church and the Second Sex† resulted in her termination as a lecturer. Daly’s second publication was â€Å"Beyond God the Father† in this publication, she portrays God as a substantive subject. In her publications, she follows Paul Tillich example who is known for his foundational work in feminist theology. Her third book published in 1978 â€Å"The Metaethics of Radical Feminism† shows how men throughout history aim at oppressing women. In some of her publications, she gives some of the chants that can be used by women to free themselves from oppression. With this, this research paper gives the ancient/ classical sources that Daly uses in building her arguments about feminism. The essay will also give the themes that Daly uses. Lastly, how the themes are influential in the contemporary world. In her publications, Daly uses Biblical historical tales for instance the Genesis and the fall into freedom. By using these tales, she portrays how religion has created inequalities between Saxes by different destructive religious patterns. In her publication, she argues that, women are supposed to rule men. The Biblical historical tales are well illustrated in her publication â€Å"Tillich’s Theological Influence on Mary Daly†. This work of art gives the thought process of the radical theologian feminist Mary Daly. Daly interacts with Tillich’s idea to bring out the aspect of feminism. In this publication, Daly had different opinions on Tillich’s sexual life especially concerning her wife Hannah (Lyon1). Daly writes that Tillich expresses a form of religious doublethink, which makes him to be deceived hence self-acceptance. In analyzing Tillich’s life Daly does not explicitly connect the power of the Supreme Being to sexual oppression. This text il lustrates Tillich’s theological influence and ideas in building her argument on feminism and how women are oppressed. In Daly’s book â€Å"Beyond God the Father: Towards a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation†, the author brings out different themes concerning women's liberation. In this book, she portrays the feminist spiritual program that she believes that it is of great help to women. This is by how she believes that women should take a place in the current patriarchal religious thus creating a strong foundation of feminist theology. All this is aimed towards women's liberation. In this book, Daly portrays how God is the only static and authoritarian male figure. She clearly shows how father figure has led to the subjugation of women (Daly 1986). This is because most people believe that, the father is the backbone of the systems of symbols. She further claims that religious subjugation results to the subjugation of all other areas in life social, politica l, and economic. Because of this, she states that, the feminist spiritual revolution will replace the traditional concept of feminism. Daly says that women are supposed to realize their own potential to overcome male domination (Daly 1986). She says that women should be ready to ensure that they do away with all socially sanctioned women abuses, such as female circumcision. The second book, which contains different themes of great help in this research paper, is â€Å"The Church and the Second Sex†. This book uses biblical accounts to portray the role of women in the society. It shows how women are able to survive in servitude. In this book, she shows how women feel that they are in a homeless world owned by only women (Daly 1). The writer also shows how Jesus treated a woman that is the relationship between women and Jesus. In the New Testament, women are portrayed as persons, which clearly contrasts with the modern